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Prof. Dr. Phillipp Torkler

Bioinformatics
Machine Learning
Data Analysis

Faculty of Computer Science

Professors

Professor

Internship representative for Bachelor Bioinformatics

ITC2+ 1.11

0991/3615-5570

consulting time

Wednesdays 01:00 - 02:00 PM (after registration, during the lecture period).

publications

Sortierung:

Journal article

B. Zacher
Phillipp Torkler
A. Tresch

Analysis of Affymetrix ChIP-chip data using starr and R/Bioconductor.

In: Cold Spring Harbor Protocols vol. 2011

01.05.2011 (2011)

DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top110

show abstract

This article provides a flexible workflow for the analysis of chromatin immunoprecipitation data (ChIP-chip) that covers issues from quality control, probe sequence remapping, data preprocessing/normalization, visualization, and high-level analysis like peak finding. It emphasizes the peculiarities of single-color Affymetrix arrays, but it is flexible enough to be also amenable to other array platforms. The article is accompanied by extensive code implementing each of the analysis steps.

Journal article

P. Smialowski
G. Doose
Phillipp Torkler
S. Kaufmann
D. Frishman

PROSO II--a new method for protein solubility prediction.

In: The FEBS Journal vol. 279 pg. 2192-200

21.05.2012 (2012)

DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08603.x

show abstract

Many fields of science and industry depend on efficient production of active protein using heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. The solubility of proteins upon expression is dependent on their amino acid sequence. Prediction of solubility from sequence is therefore highly valuable. We present a novel machine-learning-based model called PROSO II which makes use of new classification methods and growth in experimental data to improve coverage and accuracy of solubility predictions. The classification algorithm is organized as a two-layered structure in which the output of a primary Parzen window model for sequence similarity and a logistic regression classifier of amino acid k-mer composition serve as input for a second-level logistic regression classifier. Compared with previously published research our model is trained on five times more data than used by any other method before (82 000 proteins). When tested on a separate holdout set not used at any point of method development our server attained the best results in comparison with other currently available methods: accuracy 75.4%, Matthew's correlation coefficient 0.39, sensitivity 0.731, specificity 0.759, gain (soluble) 2.263. In summary, due to utilization of cutting edge machine learning technologies combined with the largest currently available experimental data set the PROSO II server constitutes a substantial improvement in protein solubility predictions. PROSO II is available at http://mips.helmholtz-muenchen.de/prosoII.

Journal article

D. Schulz
B. Schwalb
A. Kiesel
C. Baejen
Phillipp Torkler
J. Gagneur
J. Soeding
P. Cramer

Transcriptome surveillance by selective termination of noncoding RNA synthesis.

In: Cell vol. 155 pg. 1075-87

07.11.2013 (2013)

DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.10.024

show abstract

Pervasive transcription of eukaryotic genomes stems to a large extent from bidirectional promoters that synthesize mRNA and divergent noncoding RNA (ncRNA). Here, we show that ncRNA transcription in the yeast S. cerevisiae is globally restricted by early termination that relies on the essential RNA-binding factor Nrd1. Depletion of Nrd1 from the nucleus results in 1,526 Nrd1-unterminated transcripts (NUTs) that originate from nucleosome-depleted regions (NDRs) and can deregulate mRNA synthesis by antisense repression and transcription interference. Transcriptome-wide Nrd1-binding maps reveal divergent NUTs at most promoters and antisense NUTs in most 3' regions of genes. Nrd1 and its partner Nab3 preferentially bind RNA motifs that are depleted in mRNAs and enriched in ncRNAs and some mRNAs whose synthesis is controlled by transcription attenuation. These results define a global mechanism for transcriptome surveillance that selectively terminates ncRNA synthesis to provide promoter directionality and to suppress antisense transcription.

Journal article

C. Baejen
Phillipp Torkler
S. Gressel
K. Essig
J. Söding
P. Cramer

Transcriptome maps of mRNP biogenesis factors define pre-mRNA recognition.

In: Molecular Cell vol. 55 pg. 745-57

(2014)

DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.08.005

show abstract

Biogenesis of eukaryotic messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes (mRNPs) involves the synthesis, splicing, and 3' processing of pre-mRNA, and the assembly of mature mRNPs for nuclear export. We mapped 23 mRNP biogenesis factors onto the yeast transcriptome, providing 10(4)-10(6) high-confidence RNA interaction sites per factor. The data reveal how mRNP biogenesis factors recognize pre-mRNA elements in vivo. They define conserved interactions between splicing factors and pre-mRNA introns, including the recognition of intron-exon junctions and the branchpoint. They also identify a unified arrangement of 3' processing factors at pre-mRNA polyadenylation (pA) sites in yeast and human, which results from an A-U sequence bias at pA sites. Global data analysis indicates that 3' processing factors have roles in splicing and RNA surveillance, and that they couple mRNP biogenesis events to restrict nuclear export to mature mRNPs.

Journal article

C. Baejen
J. Andreani
Phillipp Torkler
S. Battaglia
B. Schwalb
M. Lidschreiber
K. Maier
A. Boltendahl
P. Rus
S. Esslinger
J. Söding
P. Cramer

Genome-wide Analysis of RNA Polymerase II Termination at Protein-Coding Genes.

In: Molecular Cell vol. 66 pg. 38-49

16.03.2017 (2017)

DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.02.009

show abstract

At the end of protein-coding genes, RNA polymerase (Pol) II undergoes a concerted transition that involves 3'-processing of the pre-mRNA and transcription termination. Here, we present a genome-wide analysis of the 3'-transition in budding yeast. We find that the 3'-transition globally requires the Pol II elongation factor Spt5 and factors involved in the recognition of the polyadenylation (pA) site and in endonucleolytic RNA cleavage. Pol II release from DNA occurs in a narrow termination window downstream of the pA site and requires the "torpedo" exonuclease Rat1 (XRN2 in human). The Rat1-interacting factor Rai1 contributes to RNA degradation downstream of the pA site. Defects in the 3'-transition can result in increased transcription at downstream genes.

Journal article

S. Battaglia
M. Lidschreiber
C. Baejen
Phillipp Torkler
S. Vos
P. Cramer

RNA-dependent chromatin association of transcription elongation factors and Pol II CTD kinases.

In: eLife vol. 6

24.05.2017 (2017)

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.25637

show abstract

For transcription through chromatin, RNA polymerase (Pol) II associates with elongation factors (EFs). Here we show that many EFs crosslink to RNA emerging from transcribing Pol II in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Most EFs crosslink preferentially to mRNAs, rather than unstable non-coding RNAs. RNA contributes to chromatin association of many EFs, including the Pol II serine 2 kinases Ctk1 and Bur1 and the histone H3 methyltransferases Set1 and Set2. The Ctk1 kinase complex binds RNA in vitro, consistent with direct EF-RNA interaction. Set1 recruitment to genes in vivo depends on its RNA recognition motifs (RRMs). These results strongly suggest that nascent RNA contributes to EF recruitment to transcribing Pol II. We propose that EF-RNA interactions facilitate assembly of the elongation complex on transcribed genes when RNA emerges from Pol II, and that loss of EF-RNA interactions upon RNA cleavage at the polyadenylation site triggers disassembly of the elongation complex.

Journal article

J. McKiernan
M. Donovan
E. Margolis
A. Partin
Ballentine Carter
G. Brown
Phillipp Torkler
M. Noerholm
J. Skog
N. Shore
G. Andriole
I. Thompson
P. Carroll

A Prospective Adaptive Utility Trial to Validate Performance of a Novel Urine Exosome Gene Expression Assay to Predict High-grade Prostate Cancer in Patients with Prostate-specific Antigen 2-10ng/ml at Initial Biopsy.

In: European Urology vol. 74 pg. 731-738

17.09.2018 (2018)

DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.08.019

show abstract

BACKGROUND Discriminating indolent from clinically significant prostate cancer (PCa) in the initial biopsy setting remains an important issue. Prospectively evaluated diagnostic assays are necessary to ensure efficacy and clinical adoption. OBJECTIVE Performance and utility assessment of ExoDx Prostate (IntelliScore) (EPI) urine exosome gene expression assay versus standard clinical parameters for discriminating Grade Group (GG) ≥2 PCa from GG1 PCa and benign disease on initial biopsy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A two-phase adaptive clinical utility study (NCT03031418) comparing EPI results with biopsy outcomes in men, with age ≥50 yr and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 2-10ng/ml, scheduled for initial prostate biopsy. After EPI performance assessment during phase I, a clinical implementation document (ie, CarePath) was developed for utilizing the EPI test in phase II, where the biopsy decision is uncertain. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Performance evaluation of the EPI test in patients enrolled in phase I and publication of a consensus CarePath for phase II. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS In a total of 503 patients, with median age of 64 yr, median PSA 5.4ng/ml, 14% African American, 70% Caucasian, 53% positive biopsy rate (22% GG1, 17% GG2, and 15% ≥ GG3), EPI was superior to an optimized model of standard clinical parameters with an area under the curve (AUC) 0.70 versus 0.62, respectively, comparable with previously published results (n=519 patients, EPI AUC 0.71). Validated cut-point 15.6 would avoid 26% of unnecessary prostate biopsies and 20% of total biopsies, with negative predictive value (NPV) 89% and missing 7% of ≥GG2 PCa. Alternative cut-point 20 would avoid 40% of unnecessary biopsies and 31% of total biopsies, with NPV 89% and missing 11% of ≥GG2 PCa. The clinical investigators reached consensus recommending use of the 15.6 cut-point for phase II. Outcome of the decision impact cohort in phase II will be reported separately. CONCLUSIONS EPI is a noninvasive, easy-to-use, gene expression urine assay, which has now been successfully validated in over 1000 patients across two prospective validation trials to stratify risk of ≥GG2 from GG1 cancer and benign disease. The test improves identification of patients with higher grade disease and would reduce the total number of unnecessary biopsies. PATIENT SUMMARY It is challenging to predict which men are likely to have high-grade prostate cancer (PCa) at initial biopsy with prostate-specific antigen 2-10ng/ml. This study further demonstrates that the ExoDx Prostate (IntelliScore) test can predict ≥GG2 PCa at initial biopsy and defer unnecessary biopsies better than existing risk calculator's and standard clinical data.

Journal article

J. McKiernan
M. Noerholm
V. Tadigotla
S. Kumar
Phillipp Torkler
G. Sant
J. Alter
M. Donovan
J. Skog

A urine-based Exosomal gene expression test stratifies risk of high-grade prostate Cancer in men with prior negative prostate biopsy undergoing repeat biopsy.

In: BMC Urology vol. 20

01.09.2020 (2020)

DOI: 10.1186/s12894-020-00712-4

show abstract

BACKGROUND Initial prostate biopsy often fails to identify prostate cancer resulting in patient anxiety, especially when clinical features such as prostate specific antigen (PSA) remain elevated, leading to the need for repeat biopsies. Prostate biomarker tests, such as the ExoDx™ Prostate (IntelliScore), or EPI test, have been shown to provide individualized risk assessment of clinically significant prostate cancer at initial biopsy; however, the performance in the repeat biopsy setting is not well established. METHODS As part of a previous prospective clinical validation study evaluating the performance of the EPI test, we collected first-catch, non-DRE urine samples across 22 sites from men with at least one prior negative biopsy scheduled to undergo a repeat prostate biopsy to rule out prostate cancer. All men were 50 years or older with a PSA 2-10 ng/mL. Exosomal mRNA was extracted and expression of three genomic markers, PCA3, ERG and SPDEF was measured. The resulting EPI score was correlated with biopsy results. RESULTS 229 men with a prior negative biopsy underwent repeat biopsies. ExoDx Prostate demonstrated good performance ruling out high-grade (Grade group 2, GG2, or higher) prostate cancer (HGPCa) using the previously validated 15.6 cut point in the initial biopsy setting. The EPI test yielded an NPV of 92% independent of other clinical features and would have avoided 26% of unnecessary biopsies while missing only five patients with HGPCa (2.1%). Furthermore, the EPI test provided additional information at a cut-point of 20 and 29.6 with an NPV of 94%, potentially delaying 35 and 61% of unnecessary biopsies, respectively. AUC curves and Net Health Benefit Analyses demonstrated superior performance of ExoDx Prostate over PSA and clinical only risk calculators, i.e. ERSPC. CONCLUSIONS The EPI test provided good performance using the 15.6 cut-point for ruling out HGPCa / GG2 or higher in men undergoing a repeat prostate biopsy with a PSA of 2-10 ng/ml. Furthermore, the test utilizes gene expression data independent of clinical features to predict the likelihood of HGPCa / GG2 on a subsequent needle biopsy.

Journal article

R. Tutrone
M. Donovan
Phillipp Torkler
V. Tadigotla
T. McLain
M. Noerholm
J. Skog
J. McKiernan

Clinical utility of the exosome based ExoDx Prostate(IntelliScore) EPI test in men presenting for initial Biopsy with a PSA 2-10 ng/mL.

In: Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases vol. 23 pg. 607-614

07.05.2020 (2020)

DOI: 10.1038/s41391-020-0237-z

show abstract

BACKGROUND The ExoDx Prostate(IntelliScore) (EPI) test is a non-invasive risk assessment tool for detection of high-grade prostate cancer (HGPC) that informs whether to proceed with prostate biopsy. We sought to assess the impact of EPI on the decision to biopsy in a real-world clinical setting. METHODS We conducted a prospective, randomized, blinded, two-armed clinical utility study that enrolled 1094 patients with 72 urologists from 24 urology practices. Patients were considered for prostate biopsy at enrollment based on standard clinical criteria. All patients had an EPI test; however, patients were randomized into EPI vs. control arms where only the EPI arm received results for their biopsy decision. RESULTS In the EPI arm (N = 458), 93 patients received negative EPI scores of which 63% were recommended to defer biopsy by the urologist and 74% ultimately deferred. In contrast, 87% of patients with positive EPI scores were recommended to undergo biopsy with a 72% compliance rate to the urologist's recommendation. This led to detection of 30% more HGPC compared to the control arm, and we estimate that 49% fewer HGPC were missed due to deferrals compared to standard of care (SOC). Overall, 68% of urologists reported that the EPI test influenced their biopsy decision. The primary reason not to comply with EPI results was rising PSA. CONCLUSION To our knowledge this is the first report on a PC biomarker utility study with a blinded control arm. The study demonstrates that the EPI test influences the overall decision to defer or proceed with a biopsy and improves patient stratification.

Journal article

E. Margolis
G. Brown
A. Partin
B. Carter
J. McKiernan
R. Tutrone
Phillipp Torkler
C. Fischer
V. Tadigotla
M. Noerholm
M. Donovan
J. Skog

Predicting high-grade prostate cancer at initial biopsy: clinical performance of the ExoDx (EPI) Prostate Intelliscore test in three independent prospective studies.

In: Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases

30.09.2021 (2021)

DOI: 10.1038/s41391-021-00456-8

show abstract

BACKGROUND The ability to discriminate indolent from clinically significant prostate cancer (PC) at the initial biopsy remains a challenge. The ExoDx Prostate (IntelliScore) (EPI) test is a noninvasive liquid biopsy that quantifies three RNA targets in urine exosomes. The EPI test stratifies patients for risk of high-grade prostate cancer (HGPC; ≥ Grade Group 2 [GG] PC) in men ≥ 50 years with equivocal prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (2-10 ng/mL). Here, we present a pooled meta-analysis from three independent prospective-validation studies in men presenting for initial biopsy decision. METHODS Pooled data from two prospective multi-site validation studies and the control arm of a clinical utility study were analyzed. Performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC), negative predictive value (NPV), positive predictive value (PPV), sensitivity, and specificity for discriminating ≥ GG2 from GG1 and benign pathology. RESULTS The combined cohort (n = 1212) of initial-biopsy subjects had a median age of 63 years and median PSA of 5.2 ng/mL. The EPI AUC (0.70) was superior to PSA (0.56), Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial Risk Calculator (PCPT-RC) (0.62), and The European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) (0.59), (all p-values <0.001) for discriminating GG2 from GG1 and benign histology. The validated cutoff of 15.6 would avoid 23% of all prostate biopsies and 30% of "unnecessary" (benign or Gleason 6/GG1) biopsies, with an NPV of 90%. CONCLUSIONS EPI is a noninvasive, easy-to-use, urine exosome-RNA assay that has been validated across 3 independent prospective multicenter clinical trials with 1212 subjects. The test can discriminate high-grade (≥GG2) from low-grade (GG1) cancer and benign disease. EPI effectively guides the biopsy-decision process independent of PSA and other standard-of-care factors.

Lecture

Phillipp Torkler

Utilizing Extracellular Vesicles for Early Detection and Treatment Stratification.

In: DigiCamp "Life Science Meets Informatics"

Technische Hochschule Deggendorf

29.06.2021 (2021)

Journal article

A. Kretschmer
R. Tutrone
J. Alter
E. Berg
C. Fischer
S. Kumar
Phillipp Torkler
V. Tadigotla
M. Donovan
G. Sant
J. Skog
M. Noerholm

Pre-diagnosis urine exosomal RNA (ExoDx EPI score) is associated with post-prostatectomy pathology outcome.

In: World Journal of Urology

27.01.2022 (2022)

DOI: 10.1007/s00345-022-03937-0

show abstract

Purpose ExoDx Prostate IntelliScore (EPI) is a non-invasive urine exosome RNA-based test for risk assessment of high-grade prostate cancer. We evaluated the association of pre-biopsy test results with post-radical prostatectomy (RP) outcomes to understand the potential utility of EPI to inform invasive treatment vs active surveillance (AS) decisions. Methods Urine samples were collected from 2066 men scheduled for initial biopsy with PSA between 2 and 10 ng/mL, no history of prostate cancer, and ≥ 50 years across multiple clinical studies. 310 men proceeded to RP, of which 111 patients had Gleason group grade 1 (GG1) at biopsy and would have been potential candidates for AS. We compared pre-biopsy urine scores with ERSPC and PCPT multivariate risk calculator scores for men with GG1 at biopsy to post-RP pathology. Results Urine EPI scores were significantly lower in men with GG1 at biopsy than in men with > GG1 (p = 0.04), while there were no differences in multivariate risk scores used in standard clinical practice (p > 0.05). Further, EPI scores were significantly lower in men with GG1 at biopsy who remained GG1 post-RP compared to men upgraded to ≥ GG3 post-RP (p < 0.001). In contrast, none of the multiparametric risk calculators showed significant differences (p > 0.05). Men with GG1 at biopsy and EPI score < 15.6 had zero rate of upgrading to ≥ GG3 post-RP compared to 16.0% for EPI scores ≥ 15.6. Conclusions The EPI urine biomarker outperformed the multivariate risk calculators in a homogenous risk group of pre-biopsy men. The EPI score was associated with low-risk pathology post-RP, with potential implications on informing AS decisions.

Journal article

A. Kretschmer
H. Kajau
E. Margolis
R. Tutrone
T. Grimm
M. Trottmann
C. Stief
G. Stoll
C. Fischer
C. Flinspach
A. Albrecht
L. Meyer
T. Priewasser
D. Enderle
R. Müller
Phillipp Torkler
J. Alter
J. Skog
M. Noerholm

Validation of a CE-IVD, urine exosomal RNA expression assay for risk assessment of prostate cancer prior to biopsy.

In: Scientific Reports (Nature Publishing Group) vol. 12 pg. 4777

21.03.2022 (2022)

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08608-z

show abstract

Improved risk stratification of patients suspected of prostate cancer prior to biopsy continues to be an unmet clinical need. ExoDx Prostate (IntelliScore) "EPI" is a non-invasive urine test utilizing RNA from exosomes to provide a risk score that correlates with the likelihood of finding high grade prostate cancer at biopsy. Here, we present the results from a prospective clinical validation study of EPI-CE, a CE-marked in-vitro diagnostic (IVD) assay, specifically developed for use in European clinical laboratories. The study (NCT04720599) enrolled patients with ≥ 50 years, PSA 2-10 ng/mL, prior to MRI, who were scheduled for initial biopsy. First catch urine samples were collected from participants without prior digital rectal examination or prostate massage. Exosomal RNA was isolated and expression levels of three biomarkers ERG, PCA3 and SPDEF were analyzed according to the EPI-CE Instructions For Use. In the study cohort of N = 109 patients, EPI-CE was validated to have a Negative Predictive Value of 89%, a Sensitivity of 92% and a superior performance to two commonly used multiparametric risk calculators (PCPT and ERSPC) in both Receiver Operating Characteristics with a higher Area Under the Curve for EPI-CE 0.67 (95% CI 0.56-0.77) versus PCPT 0.59 (95% CI 0.47-0.71) and ERSPC 0.60 (95% CI 0.49-0.72) and higher Net Benefits analysis across a wide range of risk acceptance levels. This is the first clinical study reporting on the performance of EPI-CE. We demonstrate that EPI-CE provides information beyond standard clinical parameters and provides a better risk assessment prior to MRI, of patients suspected of prostate cancer, than the commonly used multiparametric risk calculators.

Journal article

L. Mahl
J. Ollig
V. Schweihofer
L. Wiegand
Phillipp Torkler
S. Härteis
Thiha Aung

Importance and implications of exosomes in nephrology and urology.

In: Pflügers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology

18.11.2022 (2022)

DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02771-y

show abstract

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are formed by two invaginations of the plasma membrane and can be released by all eukaryotic cells. Because of their bioactive contents, including nucleic acids and proteins, exosomes can activate a variety of functions in their recipient cells. Due to the plethora of physiological and pathophysiological functions, exosomes have received a lot of attention from researchers over the past few years. However, there is still no consensus regarding isolation and characterization protocols of exosomes and their subtypes. This heterogeneity poses a lot of methodical challenges but also offers new clinical opportunities simultaneously. So far, exosome-based research is still mostly limited to preclinical experiments and early-stage clinical trials since the translation of experimental findings remains difficult. Exosomes could potentially play an important role as future diagnostic and prognostic agents and might also be part of the development of new treatment strategies. Therefore, they have previously been investigated in a variety of nephrological and urological conditions such as acute kidney injury or prostate cancer.

Lecture

Phillipp Torkler

Utilizing exosomal RNA for early detection and active surveillance.

Regensburg Center for Biochemistry / SFB960, Universität Regensburg Regensburg

01.06.2022

Journal article

Phillipp Torkler
M. Sauer
U. Schwartz
S. Corbacioglu
G. Sommer
T. Heise

LoDEI: a robust and sensitive tool to detect transcriptome-wide differential A-to-I editing in RNA-seq data.

In: Nature Communications vol. 15 pg. 1-11

(2024)

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-53298-y

show abstract

RNA editing is a highly conserved process. Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) mediated deamination of adenosine (A-to-I editing) is associated with human disease and immune checkpoint control. Functional implications of A-to-I editing are currently of broad interest to academic and industrial research as underscored by the fast-growing number of clinical studies applying base editors as therapeutic tools. Analyzing the dynamics of A-to-I editing, in a biological or therapeutic context, requires the sensitive detection of differential A-to-I editing, a currently unmet need. We introduce the local differential editing index (LoDEI) to detect differential A-to-I editing in RNA-seq datasets using a sliding-window approach coupled with an empirical q value calculation that detects more A-to-I editing sites at the same false-discovery rate compared to existing methods. LoDEI is validated on known and novel datasets revealing that the oncogene MYCN increases and that a specific small non-coding RNA reduces A-to-I editing.

core competencies

Bioinformatics
Machine Learning
Data Analysis

Vita

Positions:

Since 2021: Professor of Bioinformatics and Data Analysis, Deggendorf Institute of Technology
2018-2020: Senior Bioinformatics Scientist, Exosome Diagnostics / Bio-Techne
2016-2018: Bioinformatics Scientist, Exosome Diagnostics
2015-2016: Postdoc, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry

Degrees:

2015: Dr. rer. nat. in Bioinformatics, Gene Center Munich, LMU Munich
2011: M.Sc. in Bioinformatics, TUM / LMU Munich
2008: B.Sc. in Bioinformatics and Genome Research, Bielefeld University